[{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.zpraku.cz\/dna-se-umi-sama-opravit\/#Article","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/www.zpraku.cz\/dna-se-umi-sama-opravit\/","headline":"DNA se um\u00ed sama opravit","name":"DNA se um\u00ed sama opravit","description":"Deoxyribonukleov\u00e1 kyselina je jej\u00ed n\u00e1zev, je nositelkou genetick\u00e9 informace. Nese informace o barv\u011b na\u0161ich o\u010d\u00ed, tvaru t\u011bla i o vhodn\u00e9 strav\u011b nebo vrozen\u00fdch vad\u00e1ch. Je to z toho d\u016fvodu, \u017ee k\u00f3duje v\u0161echny b\u00edlkoviny na\u0161eho t\u011bla. B\u00edlkoviny potom zastupuj\u00ed funkci hormon\u016f, protil\u00e1tek i strukturn\u00edch jednotek jako jsou vlasy nebo nehty. Aktinov\u00e1 a myozinov\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna potom maj\u00ed na […]","datePublished":"2019-09-26","dateModified":"2023-05-15","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.zpraku.cz\/author\/#Person","name":"","url":"https:\/\/www.zpraku.cz\/author\/","identifier":1,"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/9cae764794acc12213aa530e21558ed2bd96c03f91e0c3ad21cc1905765be658?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/9cae764794acc12213aa530e21558ed2bd96c03f91e0c3ad21cc1905765be658?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"zpraku.cz","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"\/logo.png","url":"\/logo.png","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/www.zpraku.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/img_a354548_w3723_t1569211030.jpg","url":"https:\/\/www.zpraku.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/img_a354548_w3723_t1569211030.jpg","height":0,"width":0},"url":"https:\/\/www.zpraku.cz\/dna-se-umi-sama-opravit\/","about":["V\u011bda"],"wordCount":500,"articleBody":"Deoxyribonukleov\u00e1 kyselina je jej\u00ed n\u00e1zev, je nositelkou genetick\u00e9 informace. Nese informace o barv\u011b na\u0161ich o\u010d\u00ed, tvaru t\u011bla i o vhodn\u00e9 strav\u011b nebo vrozen\u00fdch vad\u00e1ch. Je to z toho d\u016fvodu, \u017ee k\u00f3duje v\u0161echny b\u00edlkoviny na\u0161eho t\u011bla. B\u00edlkoviny potom zastupuj\u00ed funkci hormon\u016f, protil\u00e1tek i strukturn\u00edch jednotek jako jsou vlasy nebo nehty.Aktinov\u00e1 a myozinov\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna potom maj\u00ed na starost pohybov\u00e9 \u00fastroj\u00ed, proto\u017ee se skl\u00e1daj\u00ed do komplexn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch struktur, a nakonec do sval\u016f. P\u0159i tvorb\u011b protein\u016f mus\u00ed nejprve doj\u00edt k p\u0159eps\u00e1n\u00ed do RNA, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee opustit j\u00e1dro eukaryotick\u00fdch bun\u011bk a vystavit se tak nebezpe\u010d\u00ed degradace. Pot\u00e9 p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed translace neboli p\u0159eklad, genetick\u00e9 informace. Bu\u0148ky se n\u011bjak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem d\u011bl\u00ed a rozd\u011bluj\u00ed, tedy doch\u00e1z\u00ed k r\u016fstu a obnov\u011b bun\u011bk. P\u0159i tomto d\u011blen\u00ed ale mus\u00ed doj\u00edt k rovnom\u011brn\u00e9 distribuci DNA. Ta se tedy replikuje pomoc\u00ed slo\u017eit\u00e9ho mechanismu. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 je ale DNA-polymer\u00e1za, co\u017e je enzym odpov\u011bdn\u00fd za p\u0159i\u0159azov\u00e1n\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u00fdch nukleotid\u016f ke komplement\u00e1rn\u00edmu \u0159et\u011bzci. M\u016f\u017ee se toti\u017e st\u00e1t, \u017ee ud\u011bl\u00e1 chybu. T\u00e9to chyb\u011b se potom \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 mutace. DNA m\u00e1 ale jako jedin\u00e1 molekula zakomponovan\u00fd slo\u017eit\u00fd mechanismus vlastn\u00ed opravy.Nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edm po\u0161kozen\u00ed je vlivem:·         UV a rentgenov\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed·         Chemick\u00e9ho p\u016fsoben\u00ed, zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 zejm\u00e9na alkyla\u010dn\u00edmi \u010dinidly·         Reaktivn\u00ed formy kysl\u00edku (tedy oxidativn\u00ed stres)Opravit se m\u016f\u017ee n\u011bkolika zp\u016fsoby:1.       P\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 oprava: P\u0159i p\u016fsoben\u00ed UV z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed k tvorb\u011b pyrimidinov\u00fdch dimer\u016f. Tedy dva thyminov\u00e9 zbytky, kter\u00e9 se vyskytuj\u00ed v DNA nad sebou za\u010dnou tvo\u0159it kovalentn\u00ed interakce. Opravu prov\u00e1d\u00ed enzym CPD fotoly\u00e1za a tuto kovalentn\u00ed vazbu jednodu\u0161e odstran\u00ed.2.       Excisn\u00ed: Zde se vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 komplementarity \u0159et\u011bzc\u016f. Mohou b\u00fdt od\u0161t\u011bpeny pouze dus\u00edkat\u00e9 b\u00e1ze, cel\u00e9ho nukleotidu nebo ur\u010dit\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti sekvence, kde se chybn\u00fd p\u00e1r nach\u00e1z\u00ed. Star\u00fd \u0159et\u011bzec m\u00e1 na rozd\u00edl od nov\u00e9ho methylovou zna\u010dku a podle toho se pozn\u00e1v\u00e1.3.       Pou\u017eit\u00ed sestersk\u00fdch chromatid: Chromozom se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze dvou chromatid, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed toto\u017en\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed. Jedna po\u0161kozen\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee tu druhou pou\u017e\u00edt jako vzor. V nejhor\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se cel\u00e9ho kusu chybn\u00e9 informace zbavit. Bu\u0148ku to v\u0161ak m\u016f\u017ee zab\u00edt.Rakovina je pak onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, kdy doch\u00e1z\u00ed k mutaci a ta k nadm\u011brn\u00e9mu (a\u017e nezastaviteln\u00e9mu) mno\u017een\u00ed bun\u011bk.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        4.5\/5 - (8 votes)        "},{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"DNA se um\u00ed sama opravit","item":"https:\/\/www.zpraku.cz\/dna-se-umi-sama-opravit\/#breadcrumbitem"}]}]